Zvishandiso Zvinokosha zveDownhole: Gwaro Rakakwana reKupatsanura neKushandisa Roller Cone Bits neDiamond Bits

Mumabasa ekuchera mafuta, chidhiraivha chekuchera ndicho chishandiso chikuru chekupwanya dombo, uye mashandiro acho anokanganisa zvakananga kushanda zvakanaka kwekuchera uye mutengo. Kana zvatarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara uye akasiyana-siyana, kusarudza nemazvo ma roller cone bits nemadhaimani bits kwave basa guru kune mainjiniya ekuchera.

01 Roller Cone Bits: Zvishandiso Zvinoshandiswa Zvakasiyana-siyana Zvinoenderana Nemaumbirwo

Kubva pakatanga kushandiswa muna 1909, mabhiti eroller cone ave ari mhando yemabhiti anonyanya kushandiswa pakuboorera kwerotary. Maumbirwo awo akasiyana emakone akawanda anoabvumira kuti akwanise kuchinjika kune mamiriro akasiyana-siyana ekuumbwa kubva pakunyorova kusvika pakuoma zvakanyanya.

Maumbirwo uye Tekinoroji Yepakati

Chidimbu chekone inotenderera chine zvikamu zvikuru zvishanu:

· Muviri wechidimbu: Makumbo matatu ekoni akabatana, neshinda yekubatanidza pamusoro.

· Makone: Miviri yesimbi yakatetepa ine mazino akakuyiwa kana tungsten carbide inserts (TCI) pamusoro.

· Sisitimu yekutakura: Inosanganisira maseti mana emabheyaringi: hombe, yepakati, diki uye yekusundidzira.

· Manozzle: Kazhinji manozzle matatu nemana ane dhayamita ye7·14 mm.

· Sisitimu yekuzora nekusunga: Zvisimbiso zverabha kana zvesimbi zvakabatanidzwa nemudziyo unogadzirisa kumanikidzwa.

Tekinoroji yechisimbiso chebearing ibudiriro huru mu roller cone bits. Mabhiti emazuva ano anoshandisa pressure·compensated lubrication system inochengetedza dynamic balance pakati pe lubricant pressure mubearing chamber nekumanikidzwa kwe downhole drilling fluid column kuburikidza ne pressure transmission passage, pressure compensation membrane ne lubricant cup.

Sisitimu yekupatsanura uye Kodhi yeIADC

Sangano reInternational Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC) rakagadzira mwero wepasi rose wekuisa mabhiti eroller cone muzvikamu, richishandisa sisitimu yekodhi ine manhamba matatu:

· Nhamba yekutanga: Rudzi rwezino uye maumbirwo aro

· 1: Zino rakakuyiwa, kuumbwa kwakapfava

· 2: Zino rakakuyiwa, pakati nepakati · kuomarara

· 3: Zino rakakuyiwa, rakaomarara, uye rinokwenya

· 5: TCI, yakapfava kusvika pakati nepakati

· 6: TCI, kuumbwa kwepakati nepakati kwakaoma

· 7: TCI, kuomarara, kukwenya

· 8: TCI, kuumbwa kwakaoma zvikuru, uye kukwesha zvakanyanya

· Nhamba yechipiri: Kuomarara kwechimiro kunobva pachikamu chimwe (1·4, nhamba yakakura inoratidza kuomarara kwechimiro)

· Nhamba yechitatu: Zvinhu zvemukati meBit

· 4: Bearing yakavharika yakavharwa

· 6: Chivharo chejenari chakavharwa

· 7: Dziviriro yejenari yakavharwa + gauge ine TCI

· 8: Chidimbu chekutanga chemigero yekufambisa

Sisitimu Yakarerutswa yeIADC yeRoller Cone Bits

Maitiro Ekupwanya Dombo uye Maitiro Ekufamba

Kana roller cone bit ichishanda, inoratidza mafambiro matatu akabatana:

· Chimurenga: Makoni anotenderera newachi nemuviri we bit.

· Kutenderera: Mazino anotenderera achipesana newachi achitenderedza axis yekoni.

· Kutsvedza: Kunosanganisira kutsvedza kwe radial ne tangential.

Kufamba uku kwakabatana kunoita kuti pave nemhedzisiro mbiri yekupwanya dombo:

1. Kupwanya mazino: Kuchinjana kwemazino ega ega neaviri kunoita kuti mazino acho adengenyeke, zvichiita kuti pave nekukuvadzwa.

2. Kucheka matombo: Kunoitwa nekugadzira matombo akavharika, akapatsanurwa uye akaumbwa nemakona akawanda, zvichiita kuti matombo achekwe.

Maitiro ekusarudza Bit uye Kufananidza Maitiro

Nheyo huru dzekusarudza mabhiti e roller cone zvichienderana nehukuru hwematombo:

· Maumbirwo akapfava: Sarudza zvidimbu zvine dhizaini ye offset, overhang, uye multi-cone; zvakagadzirwa nemazino marefu, akafara, akagayiwa akapararira kana TCI.

· Maumbirwo akaomarara ari pakati nepakati: Deredza kudonha kwemazino, kurema, uye macone akawanda; shandisa mazino mapfupi, matete, uye akapararira zvakanyanya.

· Maumbirwo akaomarara uye anokwesha: Shandisa geometry yekoni imwe chete, hapana overhang, hapana offset; shandisa TCI yakatenderera kana kuti yakatenderera.

· Maburi akakombama: Sarudza zvidimbu zvemazino mapfupi zvisina dziviriro yakawanda kana kuti zvisina dziviriro yakawanda, uye sarudza zvakapfava zvishoma pane maburi chaiwo.

· Magadzirirwo akapfava akabatana: Sarudza bit zvichibva padombo rakaoma, uye gadzirisa ma parameter ekuboorera nenzira inochinja-chinja.

Mhinduro dzemamiriro ezvinhu akakosha:

· Maburi matete (<177 mm): Shandisa mabhiti ekoni imwe chete, ane makoni makuru, mazino nemabheyaringi kuti uve nesimba rakawanda.

· Kuboorera neDirectional: Sarudza mabhiti ane IADC third digit 8 (mabhiti ekutanga akatsaurirwa).

02 Madhaimani Mabhiti: Chishandiso Chekupedzisira Chekugadzira Zvakaoma

Dhaimondi ine kuomarara kwakanyanya kwechisikigo (Mohs kuomarara 10, simba rekudzvanya rinosvika 8800 MPa, kuramba kupfeka kwakapetwa ka9000 pane simbi). Zvidimbu zvedhaimondi zvinoshandisa simba iri kuti rive chombo chepamusoro chekurwisa mafomu akaomarara.

Kupatsanura uye Kushanduka Kwetekinoroji

Zvidimbu zvemadhaimani zvemazuva ano zvinonyanya kukamurwa kuita mhando nhatu:

1. Zvidimbu zvedhaimani zvakaiswa pamusoro

· Zvidimbu zvedhaimani zvakaonekwa pamusoro pemusoro.

· Yakakodzera kuumbwa kwepakati nepakati kusvika kwakaoma.

· Kuyera saizi yedhaimani:

· Maumbirwo akapfava: matombo maviri/carat (dhayamita inenge 4 mm)

· Maumbirwo akaomarara ari pakati nepakati: matombo 3-4/carat (anenge 3.6 mm)

· Maumbirwo akaomarara: matombo 10‑15/carat (anenge 2.0 mm)

2. Zvidimbu zvedhaimani zvakaiswa mumushonga

· Madhaimani akaiswa mu matrix (matombo 60‑400/carat).

· Yakakodzera mafomu akaomarara uye anokwesha (chert, siliceous dolomite, nezvimwewo).

· Kuzvirodza kunowanikwa nekupfekwa kwematrix.

3. PDC bits (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact)

Yakatanga kuunzwa neGeneral Electric muna 1973.

· Chimiro chekucheka: dhaimani rakatsetseka + tungsten carbide substrate.

· Maumbirwo anoshanda: maumbirwo akapfava kusvika pakati nepakati akaomarara akafanana.

Maumbirwo uye Magadzirirwo Akakosha

Zvidimbu zvedhaimani zvine muviri wakakosha usina zvikamu zvinofamba, zvinosanganisira:

· Muviri wesimbi: Simbi ine kabhoni iri pakati nepakati, pamusoro payo pakagadzirwa neshinda.

· Matrix: Upfu hweTungsten carbide + simbi yekubikira yakagadzirwa nemhangura, kuomarara HRC 30‑45.

· Zvinhu zvekucheka: Madhaimani echisikigo/ekugadzira kana maPDC cutters.

· Dhizaini yeHydraulic: MaNozzles, nzira dzemvura (radial, spiral, nezvimwewo).

Zvikamu zvikuru zvekugadzira:

· Kuwanda kwedhaimani: Gadzirisa zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwekukwesha - kuwanda kwakanyanya kuti pave nekukwesha kwakanyanya.

· Kureba kwekuratidzwa:

· Maumbirwo akapfava: 1/3 yedhayamita yedhaimani

· Maumbirwo akaomarara: 1/6‑1/10 yedhayamita yedhaimani

· Chimiro chekorona: Yakati sandara (maumbirwo akafanana), yakatenderera (maumbirwo akaomarara), yakakora (maumbirwo anokwenya).

Maitiro Ekupwanya Dombo uye Mhinduro Yekuumbwa Kwaro

Maitiro ekupwanya matombo emadhaimani anochinja zvichienderana nemaitiro ekuumbwa kwawo:

· Maumbirwo epurasitiki (matombo evhu, gypsum, nezvimwewo) – Zvakafanana nemaitiro e "kurima"; madhaimani anopinda okonzera kuyerera kwepurasitiki mudombo.

· Maumbirwo akapfava (jecha re quartz, nezvimwewo) – Anogadzira makomba ekupwanya akakora; saizi yekucheka inopetwa kaviri kana kane kupfuura dhaimani, uye inoshanda zvakanyanya.

· Matombo akaomarara (chert, siliceous rock) – Shandisa zvidimbu zvakaiswa mumushonga; kupwanya kunoitwa nekucheka nekukwenya, zvakafanana nekukuya nevhiri.

Zvakanakira uye Zvisina Kunaka zvePDC Bits

Sechigadzirwa chinochinja-chinja mumhuri yedhaimani, maPDC bits ane zvakanakira zvakasiyana:

Zvimiro zvechivako:

· PDC bit yesimbi: Simbi ine kabhoni yepakati nepakati, yakaomeswa pamusoro.

· Matrix body PDC bit: Muviri wesimbi yepamusoro + matrix yetungsten carbide yepasi - kushanda kuri nani.

Dhizaini yeprofile:

· Parabolic: Maumbirwo akapfava, mapikicha akareba, ROP yakakwira.

· Rakatenderera: Yakakodzera kubhoorwa kwetafura inotenderera, inobatsira kupinda mumabed akaomarara.

· Koni: Kuboorera nekumhanya kwakanyanya, kupinda zvakanaka.

Miganhu:

· Hazvina kukodzera mibhedha yejecha kana mibhedha yakapfava yakabatana.

· Kuganhurirwa kwekupisa (kupfuura 350°C kunowedzera kupera; simba pa700°C rinokundikana).

· Kudzivirira kukanganiswa zvishoma; kucheka kutsva kunowanzo kanganiswa nemucheto.

Kuenzanisa kweDiamond Bit Applicability neFormation

03 Gwaro reSainzi reSarudzo: Kuumbwa Kunoenderana uye Zvinodiwa zveMashandiro

Mitemo Yegoridhe Yekusarudza Roller Cone Bit

1. Kuenzanisa kuomarara kwechimiro

· Maumbirwo akapfava: sarudza zvidimbu zvine mazino akareba, akarembera, ane macone akawanda, uye akaita sewedge kana kuti ane chimiro chescoop.

· Magadzirirwo akaomarara: shandisai koni imwe chete, isina kupatsanurwa, uye mazino akaita sedenderedzwa kana kuti conical.

2. Kugadzirisa kukwesha

· Kuti uwane magadzirirwo akashata, sarudza mabhiti eTCI ane dziviriro yegeji.

· Kana mazino ekunze akatenderera asi emukati asina kupera simba, wedzera dziviriro yegeji pane imwe nzvimbo inotevera.

3. Mhinduro dzemamiriro ezvinhu akakosha

· Maburi akakombama: sarudza zvidimbu zvemazino mapfupi zvisina kana kuti zvisina kugadzikana; sarudza zvakapfava zvishoma pane maburi chaiwo.

· Matanho akapfava akabatana: sarudza bit zvichibva padombo rakaoma, gadzirisa ma parameter nenzira inochinja.

· Zvikamu zvakadzika: sarudza zvikamu zvine mavhidhiyo akawanda kuti utsive kurasikirwa kwenguva.

Nzira yekusarudza zvidimbu zvedhaimani

1. Nguva yekushandisa PDC bits

· Kushandiswa kwakanakisisa: maumbirwo akareba akaenzana akapfava kusvika pakati nepakati (shale, mudstone, gypsum, nezvimwewo).

· Kushandiswa kwacho kwakarambidzwa: mibhedha yejecha, machira echert, mafomu akapfava akabatana.

· Kugadzika kweparameter: WOB yakaderera (30‑60 kN), RPM yakakwira (100‑300 rpm), kumhanya kwakanyanya kwemhepo.

2. Nguva yekushandisa zvidimbu zvedhaimani zvechisikigo/zvekugadzira

· Maumbirwo akaomarara kusvika akaomarara (granite, quartz sandstone, nezvimwewo).

· Maumbirwo anokwesha zvakanyanya (chert, siliceous dolomite).

· Kuchera turbo, matsime akadzika uye akadzika zvakanyanya, mabasa ekukomba.

3. Zvinodiwa zvakakosha zve coring bits

· Zvidimbu zve roller cone coring: dhizaini yemakoni mana (conical/cylindrical) kana matanhatu (full-barrel).

· Zvidimbu zvemadhaimani: zvigadziko zvinofanirwa kurongwa zvakaenzana uye zvinoramba zvichiramba zvichipfekwa.

· Chiratidzo chikuru: gomba remukati rine dhayamita rekunze kudzivirira denderedzwa remukati.

Kuongorora uye Kubata Downhole Anomaly

Kuziva mamiriro ekushanda kwe roller cone bit:

· Kukundikana kwemabheya: Kusvetuka-svetuka kwetafura, kuchiramba kuchiipa kana WOB yakakwira, kudonha kweROP asi kumanikidzwa kwepombi kwakajairika.

· Koni yakarasika: Kuchinja-chinja kwesimba remuchina, huremu hunotenderera zvakanyanya, urefu hwetambo hunochinja kana yatorwa.

· Mazino akapera simba: Tafura inotenderera yakaderera, hapana kusvetuka-svetuka, kudonha kweROP kwakasimba.

Zvinorambidzwa kushandiswa kwedhaimani:

· Buri repasi rinofanira kunge rakachena risati rapinda muburi; iva nechokwadi chekuti hapana marara esimbi.

· Tanga kuboora neWOB yakareruka, RPM yakaderera kuti "upinde" (0.5 m gomba repasi).

· Dzivisa kurira kwemhepo; kana zvichidikanwa, ita neWOB shoma, RPM yakaderera, uye kushanda kwakasimba.

04 Mafambiro Emazuva Ano uye Mapoinzi Ekudzidzira Mumunda

Nzira dzekuvandudza tekinoroji

Tekinoroji yekuboorera ndege ine simba guru:

· Inoshandisa majeti ane simba guru (150‑200 MPa) kubatsira kupwanya matombo.

· Zvishandiso zvinosimbisa downhole ndizvo zvinonyanya kutariswa neR&D; bvunzo dzinoratidza kuti ROP inogona kuwedzera ka3‑5.

· Matambudziko ehunyanzvi anosanganisira kuvhara nekupinza simba zvakanyanya.

Masisitimu ezvimedu ane hungwaru:

· Masensa akabatanidzwa anotarisa mamiriro ebit munguva chaiyo.

· Kugadziriswa kwezvimiro zvekucheka zvinoenderana nekuchinja kwechimiro.

· Kuongororwa kwedata guru kuti ugone kusarudza mabhiti uye kufanotaura hupenyu hwebasa.

Mitemo Yegoridhe Mumunda

1. Kusarudza nguva yekuburitsa gomba

· Kuderera kweROP kunoramba kuripo (mumaumbirwo akafanana).

· Kudonha kweROP kamwe kamwe pasina matanho ekugadzirisa asingashande (kuchinja kwechimiro).

· Kuwedzera kwe torque kwakapinza pamwe chete nekudonha kweROP (kukuvara kwe bit).

· Kudonha kwesimba repombi kamwe kamwe (muromo wemuromo wakarasika kana tambo yekuboorera yakasukwa).

2. Matanho ekuwedzera hupenyu hwe bit

· Shandura chidimbu chitsva chine WOB yakareruka uye RPM yakaderera kuti upinde mukati.

· Shandisa chinhu chinodzivirira bit (mudziyo unodzivirira kusvetuka-svetuka).

· Kufamba kwenguva pfupi kunobvisa marara ari pasi pegomba.

· Dzivisa kutenderera zvakanyanya pasi.

3. Kuongorora hupfumi

· Verenga mutengo pamita = (mutengo webit + mutengo wenguva yekuboorera) / footage.

· Kunyangwe maPDC bits aine mutengo wakakwira, mumafomu akakodzera, PDC bit imwe chete inogona kuburitsa footage ka3-5 kupfuura roller cone bit.

· Muzvikamu zvakadzama, tanga nekuisa zvinhu zvine mavhidhiyo akawanda kuti zvibatsire kana nguva yawarasikirwa nayo yadonha.

Kusarudzwa kwemabhiti tekinoroji chaiyo inosanganisa dzidziso yesainzi neruzivo rwemumunda. Mabhiti eroller cone, nekuchinjika kwawo kwakakura, achiri mhando yemabhiti akajairika nhasi. Mabhiti edhaimani, kunyanya mabhiti ePDC, anoratidza kushanda zvakanaka kusingaenzaniswi mukugadzirwa kwakanangana.

Kugona kushandisa IADC classification system, kunzwisisa mashandiro e rock-breaking e bits dzakasiyana, uye kuongorora zvizere lithology, wellbore configuration uye mashandiro zvinodiwa kuchaita kuti pave nekuenderana kwakakwana pakati pe bit ne formation. Nekushandisa downhole sensors, big data analytics uye artificial intelligence, bit selection iri kuchinja kubva pakusarudza kwakavakirwa paruzivo kuenda pa intelligent precision matching, zvichiramba zvichitungamira mukuvandudzwa kwekushanda zvakanaka kwe drilling.

Bata: Jessie Zhou

Nharembozha/Whatsapp:+0086-18109206861

Email: energy@landrilltools.com